英语语法综述
动词是英语语法的核心
谓语动词的三大本领：时态、语态、语气。非谓语动词不再具有这些本领。
句子成分与词类
主语、谓语动词、宾语、补语、定语、状语、同位语。词类包括名词、冠词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词、叹词、连词、动词。
The little white rabbit ate a large carrot. 小白兔吃了一个大胡萝卜。
五种基本句型
① 主语 + 不及物动词 (SV)
He sleeps. 他睡觉。
② 主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语 (SVO)
He likes you. 他喜欢你。
③ 主语 + 双及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (SVOO)
He teaches you English. 他教你英语。
④ 主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 (SVOC)
He considers you smart. 他认为你聪明。
⑤ 主语 + 系动词 + 主语补语 (SVC)
He is tall. 他高。
It smells nice. 它闻起来香。
动词核心：时态、语态、语气
时态 · 时间 + 状态
时间：现在、过去、将来、过去将来
状态：一般、进行、完成、完成进行 → 4×4=16种
语态 · 主动 / 被动
be + 过去分词
语气 · 陈述 / 祈使 / 虚拟
If I were a boy... 虚拟语气
16种时态概览
| 一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | eat/eats | am/is/are eating | have/has eaten | have/has been eating |
| 过去 | ate | was/were eating | had eaten | had been eating |
| 将来 | will eat | will be eating | will have eaten | will have been eating |
| 过去将来 | would eat | would be eating | would have eaten | would have been eating |
例句
现在完成：I have eaten. / 过去进行：I was eating when you came. / 将来完成：I will have finished by 5.
虚拟语气
与现在事实相反
If I were you, I would accept.
与过去事实相反
If I had known, I would have told you.
与将来事实相反（可能性小）
If it should rain, we would cancel.
wish/ suggest/ demand等从句
I suggest that he go (should go) now.
非谓语动词
不定式 (to do) — 目的/将来
I want to eat.
动名词 (doing) — 名词性质
Eating is fun.
现在分词 (doing) — 主动/进行
The sleeping baby is cute. (现在分词作定语)
过去分词 (done) — 被动/完成
The eaten carrot was fresh. (过去分词作定语)
Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. (过去分词作状语)
独立主格
The work finished, he went home.
助动词 & 情态动词
基本助动词 be/do/have
构成时态、疑问、否定、被动等。
情态动词 can/could/may/might/must/shall/should/will/would
I can swim. / You must go. / It may rain.
半助动词 (be able to, be going to, had better, used to...)
He is going to leave. / You'd better rest.
系动词 & 使役动词
系动词 (be, look, sound, feel, become...)
He looks happy. / The soup smells good.
使役动词 (make, let, have, get)
She made me laugh. / I had my hair cut.
从句
名词性从句 (主语/宾语/表语/同位语)
What he said is true. (主语从句)
I think that he is right. (宾语从句)
定语从句 (形容词从句)
The man who lives next door is friendly.
关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose；关系副词：when, where, why
状语从句 (时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步等)
When I arrived, he was sleeping. (时间)
If it rains, we'll stay. (条件)
主将从现：在时间/条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。
冠词
不定冠词 a/an
泛指某一类或数量“一”。
定冠词 the
特指双方都知道的、独一无二的、上文提到过的。
零冠词
复数泛指、抽象概念、专有名词、球类/三餐等。
介词
时间介词：at, on, in, since, for, during, by...
at 5pm / on Monday / in July / since 2020 / for 3 years
地点介词：at, in, on, above, over, under, below, between, among...
其他：by (方式), with (伴随), about (关于), except (除外)...
名词
可数名词与不可数名词
可数：book/apple；不可数：water/furniture
名词所有格：'s / of / 双重所有格
Tom's car / the title of the book / a friend of my father's
代词
人称代词 (I/me, you, he/him...)
物主代词 (my/mine, your/yours...)
反身代词 (myself, yourself...)
指示代词 (this/that/these/those)
不定代词 (some, any, many, much, few, little, both, all, either, neither...)
疑问代词 (who/whom/whose/what/which)
关系代词 (who/whom/whose/which/that)
数词
基数词 (one, two...)
序数词 (first, second...)
分数、小数、百分数、倍数、时间、日期表达
形容词 & 副词
形容词用法：定语、表语、补语、状语
a beautiful girl / She is happy / make it clear
副词用法：修饰动词/形容词/句子
run quickly / very beautiful / Luckily, he survived.
比较级与最高级
taller, more beautiful, best
连词
并列连词 (and, or, but, so, for, yet...)
从属连词 (that, if, whether, because, although, when, while, since, until...)
构词法
派生 (前缀/后缀)
un-, re-, -tion, -ly, -ness...
合成 (bedroom, football)
混合 (brunch, smog)
截短 (ad, fridge)
转化 (water n. → water v.)
被动语态
构成：be + 过去分词
The carrot was eaten by the rabbit.
各种时态的被动
一般现在: am/is/are done
现在完成: have/has been done
一般将来: will be done
情态动词: can be done
双宾语动词变被动时，间接宾语或直接宾语均可作主语。
倒装
完全倒装 (谓语全部提前)
Here comes the bus. / In the garden sat a rabbit.
部分倒装 (助动词/情态动词提前)
Never have I seen such a thing. / Only then did he realize.
形式倒装 (表语/状语提前)
So beautiful is she that...
强调
词汇强调 (do/does/did + 动词原形)
I do like it.
句式强调 (It is/was ... that/who ...)
It was the rabbit that ate the carrot.
倒装强调、重复、语气词等
省略
简单句省略 (祈使句、感叹句、口语)
(I) hope so. / (You) come here!
并列句省略
I like coffee and (I like) tea.
从句省略 (that, 定语从句关系代词等)
I think (that) you are right.